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Shielded metal arc welding

2008-11-12T23:08:00.004+07:00

Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), also known as manual metal arc (MMA) welding or informally as stick welding, is a manual arc welding process that uses a consumable electrode coated in flux to lay the weld. An electric current, in the form of either alternating current or direct current from a welding power supply, is used to form an electric arc between the electrode and the metals to be joined. As the weld is laid, the flux coating of the electrode disintegrates, giving off vapors that serve as a shielding gas and providing a layer of slag, both of which protect the weld area from atmospheric contamination.

Because of the versatility of the process and the simplicity of its equipment and operation, shielded metal arc welding is one of the world's most popular welding processes. It dominates other welding processes in the maintenance and repair industry, and though flux-cored arc welding is growing in popularity, SMAW continues to be used extensively in the construction of steel structures and in industrial fabrication. The process is used primarily to weld iron and steels (including stainless steel) but aluminum, nickel and copper alloys can also be welded with this method.^[1]

Operation

To strike the electric arc, the electrode is brought into contact with the workpiece in a short sweeping motion and then pulled away slightly. This initiates the arc and thus the melting of the workpiece and the consumable electrode, and causes droplets of the electrode to be passed from the electrode to the weld pool. As the electrode melts, the flux covering disintegrates, giving off vapors that protect the weld area from oxygen and other atmospheric gases. In addition, the flux provides molten slag which covers the filler metal as it travels from the electrode to the weld pool. Once part of the weld pool, the slag floats to the surface and protects the weld from contamination as it solidifies. Once hardened, it must be chipped away to reveal the finished weld. As welding progresses and the electrode melts, the welder must periodically stop welding to remove the remaining electrode stub and insert a new electrode into the electrode holder. This activity, combined with chipping away the slag, reduce the amount of time that the welder can spend laying the weld, making SMAW one of the least efficient welding processes. In general, the operator factor, or the percentage of operator's time spent laying weld, is approximately 25%.^[6]

The actual welding technique utilized depends on the electrode, the composition of the workpiece, and the position of the joint being welded. The choice of electrode and welding position also determine the welding speed. Flat welds require the least operator skill, and can be done with electrodes that melt quickly but solidify slowly. This permits higher welding speeds. Sloped, vertical or upside-down welding requires more operator skill, and often necessitates the use of an electrode that solidifies quickly to prevent the molten metal from flowing out of the weld pool. However, this generally means that the electrode melts less quickly, thus increasing the time required to lay the weld.^[7]

Quality

The most common quality problems associated with SMAW include weld spatter, porosity, poor fusion, shallow penetration, and cracking. Weld spatter, while not affecting the integrity of the weld, damages its appearance and increases cleaning costs. It can be caused by excessively high current, a long arc, or arc blow, a condition associated with direct current characterized by the electric arc being deflected away from the weld pool by magnetic forces. Arc blow can also cause porosity in the weld, as can joint contamination, high welding speed, and a long welding arc, especially when low-hydrogen electrodes are used. Porosity, often not visible without the use of advanced nondestructive testing methods, is a serious concern because it can potentially weaken the weld. Another defect affecting the strength of the weld is poor fusion, though it is often easily visible. It is caused by low current, contaminated joint surfaces, or the use of an improper electrode. Shallow penetration, another detriment to weld strength, can be addressed by decreasing welding speed, increasing the current or using a smaller electrode. Any of these weld-strength-related defects can make the weld prone to cracking, but other factors are involved as well. High carbon, alloy or sulfur content in the base material can lead to cracking, especially if low-hydrogen electrodes and preheating are not employed. Furthermore, the workpieces should not be excessively restrained, as this introduces residual stresses into the weld and can cause cracking as the weld cools and contracts.^[8]

Safety

SMA welding, like other welding methods, can be a dangerous and unhealthy practice if proper precautions are not taken. The process uses an open electric arc, presenting a risk of burns which is prevented by personal protective equipment in the form of heavy leather gloves and long sleeve jackets. Additionally, the brightness of the weld area can lead to a condition called arc eye, in which ultraviolet light causes the inflammation of the cornea and can burn the retinas of the eyes. Welding helmets with dark face plates are worn to prevent this exposure, and in recent years, new helmet models have been produced that feature a face plate that self-darkens upon exposure to high amounts of UV light. To protect bystanders, especially in industrial environments, transparent welding curtains often surround the welding area. These curtains, made of a polyvinyl chloride plastic film, shield nearby workers from exposure to the UV light from the electric arc, but should not be used to replace the filter glass used in helmets.^[9]

In addition, the vaporizing metal and flux materials expose welders to dangerous gases and particulate matter. The smoke produced contains particles of various types of oxides. The size of the particles in question tends to influence the toxicity of the fumes, with smaller particles presenting a greater danger. Additionally, gases like carbon dioxide and ozone can form, which can prove dangerous if ventilation is inadequate. Some of the latest welding masks are fitted with an electric powered fan to help disperse harmful fumes.^[10]

Application and Material

Shielded metal arc welding is one of the world's most popular welding processes, accounting for over half of all welding in some countries. Because of its versatility and simplicity, it is particularly dominant in the maintenance and repair industry, and is heavily used in the construction of steel structures and in industrial fabrication. In recent years its use has declined as flux-cored arc welding has expanded in the construction industry and gas metal arc welding has become more popular in industrial environments. However, because of the low equipment cost and wide applicability, the process will likely remain popular, especially among amateurs and small businesses where specialized welding processes are uneconomical and unnecessary.^[11]

SMAW is often used to weld carbon steel, low and high alloy steel, stainless steel, cast iron, and ductile iron. While less popular for nonferrous materials, it can be used on nickel and copper and their alloys and, in rare cases, on aluminum. The thickness of the material being welded is bounded on the low end primarily by the skill of the welder, but rarely does it drop below 0.05 in (1.5 mm). No upper bound exists: with proper joint preparation and use of multiple passes, materials of virtually unlimited thicknesses can be joined. Furthermore, depending on the electrode used and the skill of the welder, SMAW can be used in any position

from : wikipedia

Lowongan kerja-Welder Technician - Career

2008-11-04T21:56:00.001+07:00

Construction Chemicals Company

Kategori	:	Engineering
Posisi	:	WELDER TECHNICIAN/ SALES ENGINEER FOR SEALING & BONDING INDUSTRY
Lokasi	:	Bogor, Jawa Barat
Media	:	Kompas
Pendidikan	:	SLTA
Pengalaman Kerja	:	1-2 tahun
Jenis Kelamin	:	Pria & Wanita
Gaji	:	Not Specified
Posting Date	:	2008-11-02
Due Date	:	2008-11-21

Persyaratan
A Fast growing Multinational company involved in the Construction Chemicals Industry is urgently looking for : SALES ENGINEER FOR SEALING & BONDING INDUSTRY Male / Female S-1 Degree any Majority, Preferably in Industrial Engineer Minimum 2 years experiences, preferably ir, Sealing & Bonding Industry (Appliances & Components, White Goods, Industrial Equipment, Building Elements etc) Fluently in English, both spoken & written WELDER TECHNICIAN Male, Maximum 35 years STM Graduated, Willing to work under pressure Minimum 1 year experiences, preferably in Construction Industry Please send your CV & recent photograph, within 3 weeks to: PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT PT. Sika Indonesia Raya Cibinong, Bekasi Km. 20, Limusnunggal - Cileungsi, Bogor 16820 Or P.O. BOX 07 Email: humanresources.2008@yahoo.com

Spot Welding

2008-11-01T11:05:00.003+07:00

Spot welding is a resistance welding method used to join two to four overlapping metal sheets which are up to 3 mm thick each. In some applications with only two overlapping metal sheets, the sheet thickness can be up to 6 mm. Two copper electrodes are simultaneously used to clamp the metal sheets together and to pass current through the sheets. When the current is passed through the electrodes to the sheets, heat is generated due to the higher electrical resistance where the surfaces contact each other. As the heat dissipates into the work, the rising temperature causes a rising resistance, and the heat is then generated by the current through this resistance. The surface resistance lowers quickly, and the heat is soon generated only by the materials' resistance. The water cooled copper electrodes remove the surface heat quickly, since the copper is an excellent conductor. The heat in the center has nowhere to go, as the metal of the workpiece is a poor conductor of heat by comparison. The heat remains in the center, melting the metal from the center outward. As the heat dissipates throughout the workpiece in less than a second the molten, or at least plastic, state grows to meet the welding tips. When the current is stopped the copper tips cool the spot weld, causing the metal to solidify under pressure. Some coatings, such as zinc, cause localized heating due to its high resistance, and may require pulsation welding to dissipate the unwanted surface heat into the copper tips.

If excessive heat is applied, or applied too quickly, the molten area may extend to the outside, and with its high pressure (typically 30,000 psi) will escape the containment force of the tips with a burst of molten metal called expulsion. When this occurs, the metal will be thinner and have less strength than a weld with no expulsion. The common method of checking a weld is a peel test, technically called "coach peel", as expulsion weakens the material by thinning, and makes it pass the peel test easier. A better test is the tensile test, which is much more difficult to perform, and requires calibrated equipment.

Source : Wikipedia

Lowongan kerja Bank-2008 - Career

2008-11-01T05:42:00.001+07:00

Bank UOB Buana is a well established exchange bank since 1956. In coming years, we will pursue aggressive growth and needs several qualified individuals to fill this position:

Relationship Manager ( Code : PRB - RM )

Location: Jakarta

RESPONSIBILITIES

1. To acquire new clients.
2. To meet annual target on revenue basis.
3. To monitor balance of clients transactions.

4. Deliver and maintain best service to clients professionally.
5. Execute, comply and maintain audit requirements and procedures.
6. To cross sell other banking products to clients.

QUALIFICATION

1. Male/ female
2. University degree from reputable universities, minimum bachelor degree (s1).
3. Fluent in English.
4. Minimum 1 year Banking experience.
5. Excellent communication skill, Client management, Engage with high-end profile of clients.
6. Strong Sales background in Consumer Banking Products, such as Investment, Treasury, and Bancassurance Products.
7. Holding WAPERD and AAJI is an advantage.
8. Have own vehicle.

Please send the CV and current photograph to:

louistanumihardja@uobbuana.com

(maximum size : 20kb)

Lowongan kerja Hotel-2008 - Career

2008-11-01T05:39:00.001+07:00

Swiss-Belhotel International,the international manager of hotels,resorts and serviced residences in Asia and the Middle East,is looking for:
Lowongan Kerja Hotel Oktober Nopember 2008

General Managers

The General Manager will report directly to the Vice President for Operations and Development. He should be able to lead and motivate his team and ensure smooth flow of hotel operations.

We are search of a dynamic and self starter individuals,with proven track record in international hotel operations in Indonesia

Applicants may send their comprehensive Curriculum Vitea with recent photo to:

Mr. Emmanuel Guillard
Vice President of Operations and Development, Indonesia
Regional Office Swiss-Belhotel International, Indonesia
Hotel Ciputra 7th floor,Suite 701,Jl. Letnan Jendral S. Parman, Jakarta 11470
E-mail: secvp-ind@swiss-belhotel.com

Only short-listed candidates will be notified

Lowongan kerja Nov-2008 - Career

2008-11-01T05:36:00.002+07:00

PT. Fajar Gemilang Wilson Engineering: Commissioning Engineers
Posting date : Saturday, October 18, 2008 Expiry date : Saturday, November 01, 2008
Lowongan Kerja Teknik Nopember 2008
Our company is in the generation and engine business. We are looking for a dynamic person to join us as:
COMMISSIONING ENGINEERS
(Based in Singapore)

Requirements:
• Min. Diploma in Engineering with some working experience.
• Good English communication and report writting skill.

• Has good analytical skill.
• Familiar with electrical control system.
• Experience with Caterpillar engines preferred.

Responsibilities:
• To carry out site installation inspection.
• Liaise with customer on correct installation and application.
• Start-up and commissioning of engine driven generator set, pump set and marine propulsion engine on vessel, offshore rig and power house on land.

Interested applicants; please apply with full particulars of qualifications, experience, expected salary and contact number in English to:

PT. FAJAR GEMILANG WILSON ENGINEERING
JI. Pakin Blok D No. 12 (Komplek Rukan Mitra Bahari)
Jakarta Utara 14440
E-mail: fajargwe@indosat.net.id

Lowongan kerja PT. Commteck Agung - Career

2008-11-01T05:25:00.001+07:00

Kategori	:	Information Technology (I.T.)
Posisi	:	MANAGER IT
Lokasi	:	Medan,
Media	:	Jawa Pos
Pendidikan	:	Sarjana/S1
Pengalaman Kerja	:	1-2 tahun
Jenis Kelamin	:	Pria & Wanita
Gaji	:	Not Specified
Posting Date	:	2008-10-28
Due Date	:	2008-11-08

Persyaratan
Perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang Telecommunication & Networking membutuhkan: MANAGER IT Persyaratan: 1. Pria maksimal usia 30-tahun. 2. S1 Teknik Komputer, Teknik Informatika atau Teknik Telekomunikasi 3. Pengalaman min. 2 thn dalam desain solusi network (WAN) dengan semua media akses (tembaga, FO, radio & radio IP) 4. Pengalaman dalam setting & konfigurasi router CISCO &VOIP GATEWAY & lainnya. 5. Mempunyai sertifikat CCNP yang masih aktif 6. Bersedia ditempatkan di Medan Good Income & Facilities Kirim Lamaran selambat2nya 10 hari dari tgl iklan terbit ke PT. COMMTECH AGUNG Jl. Jend. Gatot Subroto No. 26/44 It 2. Medan 20114 atau Via Email info@commtechagung.com

Lowongan kerja PT. Badak NGL - Career

2008-11-01T05:22:00.001+07:00

Kategori	:	Engineering
Posisi	:	Sr. engineer, Engineer, Lead Engineer, Specialist, Electrical Materiel (ME), Group Head, Fire/Safety &Environment (FSE)
Lokasi	:	Jakarta,
Media	:	Jawa Pos
Pendidikan	:	Diploma
Pengalaman Kerja	:	1-2 tahun
Jenis Kelamin	:	Pria & Wanita
Gaji	:	Not Specified
Posting Date	:	2008-10-28
Due Date	:	2008-11-05

Persyaratan
CHALLENGING OPPORTUNITY PT Badak NGL, a world class natural gas liquefaction company operating & (eight) sophisticated LNG Plants in East Kalimantan, cordially Invites experienced professionals to occupy the following vacant positions: A) Sr. engineer Instrumentation (ENG/B) Electrical (ELC/B) Rotating Equipment (ROT/B) process Train (PRC/B) B) Engineer Utilities (UTL/C) Inspection (INS/C) Reliability Based Maintenance (RBM/C) DCS System (DCS/C) DCS Hardware (DCH/C) Civil (CVL/C) Electrical (ELC/C) Mechanical (MCH/C) C) Lead Engineer Instrument (INT/A) Mechanical (MCH/A) D) Specialist, Electrical Materiel (ME) E) Group Head, Fire/Safety &Environment (FSE) F) Chemist (CMS) G) legal Heed (LGL) Requirement : - Sr. Engineer with minimum 5-8 years of experience - Engineer with minimum 3-4 years of experience - Lead Engineer with minimum 7-10 years of experience - Specialist, Electrical Materiel with minimum 1-7 years of experience - Group Heed with minimum 5-10 years experience - Chemist with minimum 34 years experience - Legal Head with minimum 10 years experience General Requirement -University degree In related discipline with minimum GPA 2,7S (kale 4) Male/Female, maximum 38 years old as of December 31, 2005 -Working experience In on a gas, petrochemical Industry, or multinational enginering company with related field. -Familiar with regulations, codes, standards In oil � gas Industry -Have strong leadership, aggressive attitude and team buildingwork mindset -Excellent command In oral and written English (Minimum TOEFL 500) We offer a comprehensive benefits and compensation package designed to meet your qualification. We also provide housing, school, sport and recreation facilities which will serve you and your family with attractive environment. If you would like to take the challenges, please send your application and CV not later than 05 November 2008 (please quote POSITION TITLE 8 CODE you are applying for in \\\"subject\\\' line) E-mail : Recruitment@badaking.co.ld Website : www.badaking.co.id

Characteristics of boiler feed water

2008-11-01T05:01:00.008+07:00

Water absorbs more heat for a given temperature rise than any other common inorganic substance. It expands 1600 times as it evaporates to form steam at atmospheric pressure. The steam is capable of carrying large quantities of heat. These unique properties of water make it an ideal raw material for heating and power generating processes.
All natural waters contain varying amounts of dissolved and suspended matter and dissolved gases the amount of minerals dissolved in water varies from 30 g/l in sea water to anything from 0.005 to 1500 mg/l in fresh water supplies. Since water impurities cause boiler problems, careful consideration must be given to the quality of the water used for generating steam.
The composition of boiler feed water must be such that the impurities in it can be concentrated a reasonable number of times inside the boiler, without exceeding the tolerance limits of the particular boiler design. If the feed water does not meet these requirements it must be pretreated to remove impurities. The impurities need not be completely removed in all cases, however, since chemical treatment inside the boiler can effectively and economically counteract them.

Feed-water purity is a matter both of quantity of impurities and nature of impurities: some impurities such as hardness, iron and silica are of more concern, for example, than sodium salts. The purity requirements for any feed-water depend on how much feed water is used as well as what the particular boiler design (pressure, heat transfer rate, etc.) can tolerate. Feed-water purity requirements therefore can vary widely. A low-pressure fire-tube boiler can usually tolerate high feed-water hardness with proper treatment while virtually all impurities must be removed from water used in some modern, high-pressure boilers.
Only relatively wide ranges can be given as to maximum levels of alkalis, salt, silica, phosphates etc, in relation to working pressure. The actual maximum levels must be obtained fro the boiler manufacturer, who will base them on the characteristics of the boiler in question.

The following tables are extracts of recommended levels from APAVE (Association of electrical and steam unit owners), up to pressures of 100 bar for medium steaming rates and for volumes of water in the chambers sufficient to properly control the blow down rates, and from ABMA (American Boiler Manufacturers Association) in its standard guarantee of steam purity.

Source :http://www.lenntech.com

Boiler Feed Water

2008-11-01T04:34:00.007+07:00

A boiler is a device for generating steam, which consists of two principal parts: the furnace, which provides heat, usually by burning a fuel, and the boiler proper, a device in which the heat changes water into steam. The steam or hot fluid is then recirculated out of the boiler for use in various processes in heating applications.

The water circuit of a water boiler can be summarized by the following pictures:

The boiler receives the feed water, which consists of varying proportion of recovered condensed water (return water) and fresh water, which has been purified in varying degrees (make up water). The make-up water is usually natural water either in its raw state, or treated by some process before use. Feed-water composition therefore depends on the quality of the make-up water and the amount of condensate returned to the boiler. The steam, which escapes from the boiler, frequently contains liquid droplets and gases. The water remaining in liquid form at the bottom of the boiler picks up all the foreign matter from the water that was converted to steam. The impurities must be blown down by the discharge of some of the water from the boiler to the drains. The permissible percentage of blown down at a plant is strictly limited by running costs and initial outlay. The tendency is to reduce this percentage to a very small figure.

Proper treatment of boiler feed water is an important part of operating and maintaining a boiler system. As steam is produced, dissolved solids become concentrated and form deposits inside the boiler. This leads to poor heat transfer and reduces the efficiency of the boiler. Dissolved gasses such as oxygen and carbon dioxide will react with the metals in the boiler system and lead to boiler corrosion. In order to protect the boiler from these contaminants, they should be controlled or removed, trough external or internal treatment.

Source : http://www.lenntech.com

Lowongan kerja Viar Motor -Career

2008-10-31T05:13:00.001+07:00

DIBUTUHKAN SEGERA

MARKETING COMMUNICATION MANAGER (MCM)
AREA MARKETING MANAGER (AMM)
AREA ADMINISTRATION MANAGER (AAM)
KEPALA CABANG (KCB)
RECRUITMENT & TRAINING MANAGER (RTM)
REMUNERATION MANAGER (RMM)
LEGAL MANAGER (LGM)
ENGINEERING MANAGER (EGM)
PPIC MANAGER (PCM)
MECHANIC TRAINER SUPERVISOR (MTS)

Persyaratan:

Laki-laki/perempuan, umur max. 40 th

Pendidikan min. D3, lebih disukai No.3 Accounting & No.5 Psikologi

No.1 menguasai visual art. Punya relasi luas dengan media nasional dan lokal dan mampu menyusun budget promosi dan bersedia melakukan perjalanan dinas

Pengalaman kerja min. 2 th, lebih disukai No.2, 4, 8, 9, 10 dibidang otomotif serta mampu membuat test/psikotest dan bisa membuat sistem assessment, mampu membuat program training/punya relasi dengan recruit,training center(5)

No.6 punya ketelitian tinggi & mengetahui sistem pengupahan serta kesejahteraan

No.7 menguasai hokum perdata & HAKI

Pengalaman kerja min. 2 th dibidang riset dan quality assurance sepeda motor 4 tak (8), memahami serta mempunyai sertifikat sebagai trainer motor 4 tak (10)

Bersedia melakukan perjalanan dinas luar kota dan khusus untuk No.3 bersedia ditempatkan di daerah, No.8 & 9 penempatan di Semarang

Kirim lamaran lengkap ke:

HR DEPARTMENT VIAR MOTOR

PO BOX 1164 JKT 14011

JAKARTA

Email: recruitment_viar@yahoo.co.id

Condensate Polishers

2008-10-27T11:01:00.002+07:00

Another variation of the standard demineralizer system is the condensate polisher. Many high-pressure boiler systems incorporate a vessel loaded with strong acid cation resin or a combination of cation and anion resin to polish the steam condensate coming from turbogenerator surface condensers. Because many of these systems return a high percentage of their steam condensate as boiler feed water makeup, the polishers serve to insure that any contaminants that might enter the condensate (as from the condenser leaks) are removed prior to reuse.

In the past, condensate polishers loaded only with strong acid cation resin were regenerated with salt. Because the sodium emanating from these units during the exchange process is detrimental to the control of high pressure boiler water treatment programs, morpholine or ammonia has been substituted in many cases. Before either of these amines are used for regeneration, the polisher resin must first be put in the hydrogen form by regeneration with sulfuric acid. Next, the polisher is regenerated with the amine, which readily exchanges for the hydrogen. During normal operation, the morpholine or ammonia exchanges for the more objectionable cations (Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, etc.). Regeneration and operation of a mixed-bed polisher is identical to that of a standard demineralizer polisher. The only drawback to the operation of a mixed-bed polisher is that it removes any neutralizing amine fed to the boiler system and therefore loses considerable capacity even though no other contaminant exists.

Mixed-Bed Polishers

2008-10-27T10:58:00.001+07:00

In very high-pressure boiler operations, even trace contaminants are extremely detrimental. Demineralized water requirements are more stringent than can be produced by the two-bed unit. To cope with these specifications, many operations follow the two-bed demineralizer with a mixed-bed polisher. The mixed bed polisher consists of a special vessel into which are loaded both strong base anion and strong acid cation resins. The cation resin anion, being denser, is always on the bottom of the vessel after backwashing. The regenerant piping is designed so that caustic enters the top of the vessel, flows down through and regenerates the strong base anion resin, and exits the side of the vessel near the interface between the anion and cation resins. Similarly, the sulfuric acid enters the side of the vessel near the resin interface and flows downward through the strong acid cation resin, regenerates it, and flows out of the bottom of the vessel to the sewer. Prior to the addition of the caustic, the vessel is filled with water and kept under pressure (blocking flow) to insure that no caustic channels down to the cation resin before it leaves the waste line at the resin interface.

After regeneration, air is admitted to the bottom of the vessel by opening the vent. This is called air mix and serves to commingle the resins in a random fashion. As the anion and cation resins mix, the result is a vessel filled with small two-bed demineralizers. Each cation resin bead and its companion anion resin bead function as a two bed unit. The combinations on the top that receive the water first are successful in removing a great percentage of the contaminants entering the unit. Each pair below remove, in succession, a high percentage of the contaminants in the water passing the adjacent pair of resin beads. Extremely high-quality effluent water is possible with this arrangement. The water generally contains silica and sodium in the parts per billion range.

Weak Base Anion

2008-10-27T10:50:00.001+07:00

A weak base anion resin does not have the ability to remove weak acid anions (silica and carbon dioxide). It does, however, have a high capacity (kg/ft3) for the anions associated with the strong acids (SO₄^-, Cl^-, NO₃^-, etc.). The weak base anion resin would be the resin of choice where a decarbonator was in place at the cation effluent and where silica levels in the treated water were not a major consideration.

A demineralizer train that does not incorporate a decarbonator after the cation unit would be a good candidate for an anion bed consisting of a combination of weak and strong base resins. The weak base resin would be loaded on top of the strong base resin during the initial resin installation. During normal operation, the resin bed would be regenerated prior to backwashing. This is necessary to prevent the mixing of the two resins during backwash. In their exhausted state, the density of the resins is very nearly the same. In the regenerated state, their densities are different enough for the resins to separate during backwashing. Consequently, the weak base resin is always on top. This is the preferred position, because it insures that the resin with the greatest capacity for the strong acid anions receives the effluent from the strong acid cation first. Another advantage of this arrangement is that, like the strong base anion resins, the weak base resins also absorb organics; however, the organics absorbed by a weak base resin are removed during standard regeneration. This helps protect the strong base resin from irreversible organic fouling.

Strong Base Anion

2008-10-27T10:49:00.002+07:00

A strong base anion resin removes the anions associated with the weak acids in the effluent from a strong acid cation unit. Specifically, strong base anions remove silica (from H₂SiO₃) and carbon dioxide from H₂CO₃ (carbonic acid). In addition, the strong base anion resin removes anions associated with the strong acids in the strong acid cation effluent. Sulfate (from H₂SO₄), chloride (from HCI), and other anions are removed. The exchangeable anion is OH^-, which is picked up by the strong base anion resin during regeneration with caustic (NaOH). The cation in the water passing through unmodified (hydrogen ion is the cation) combines with the OH- liberated during the exchange and leaves the anion unit as molecules of water (H₂0). Since pure water is nonconductive, the conductivity of the effluent from a strong base anion unit is very low, about 1.9 micromhos. Sodium slippage through the strong acid cation unit combines with the liberated OH^- in the anion effluent as NaOH. Because NaOH is more conductive than H₂0, the sodium slippage through the cation increases as does the conductivity of the anion effluent.

One helpful tip to remember is that if strong acid cation resin ever gets into the anion unit (due to a bad strainer in the cation vessel bottom), it will wind up on the bottom of the anion unit because of its higher density, and will pick up sodium during the anion regeneration cycle. When the anion is put back in the service cycle, sodium will leak from the cation resin into the anion effluent and give a higher than normal anion effluent conductivity. This problem can be verified by having samples of cation effluent and anion effluent analyzed for sodium by atomic absorption. Any significant difference between the sodium levels in and out of the cation resin means that sodium has migrated into the anion vessel. This situation can be very troublesome, because most high-pressure boiler water treatment programs are adversely affected by sodium intrusion.

Strong base anion resins are quoted as having two capacities: salt-splitting capacity and total capacity. The so-called salt-splitting capacity of a strong base anion resin is a measure of its ability to remove silica and carbon dioxide. The total capacity is a combination of the salt-splitting capacity and the resin's capacity to remove SO4^-, Cl^-, NO₃^- etc.

Strong base anion resins also absorb organics from the water going through them. Most source waters contain some organic compounds. Surface waters are notorious for their propensity to carry a combination of iron and organic compounds. These compounds pass through the cation unit because the iron is not in the form of free ions. When it reaches the anion, on the other hand, the anion resin absorbs the compound and, by analysis, appears to be fouled with iron. What is really there is the iron/organic complex. This material is not removed during regeneration it occupies exchange sites normally reserved for other anions. The final result is a reduction in the capacity of the anion train.

Anion resins also remove other forms of organics during regeneration. The organics that are removed not only occupy valuable exchange sites but also react with the resin to alter its character. This alteration manifests itself in the transformation of the salt-splitting capacity of the resin to strong acid capacity. As such, the anion resin begins to lose its ability to remove silica and carbon dioxide but shows an increase in its capacity to remove the strong acid anions. The total capacity of the resin does not decrease, but its salt-splitting capacity does. The end result in a system providing water for a high-pressure boiler will be shorter and shorter run lengths, because the silica level in the effluent of the anion unit is the main control parameter.

Microbiological fouling can also occur in the anion unit. Fungi grow nicely in an anion unit. Treatment with a solution of formaldehyde is one method of sterilizing an anion train.

Weak Acid Cation

2008-10-27T10:48:00.002+07:00

Certain waters that contain a high percentage of hardness associated with alkalinity can be economically treated by passage through a weak acid cation resin. By definition, the weak acid resin will remove Ca⁺⁺, Mg⁺⁺, and Na⁺ which enters the bicarbonate (HCO₃)^- form. Because most industrial water sources contain some noncarbonate hardness (CaSO₄, etc.), it is necessary to follow the weak acid cation unit with a strong acid cation unit to achieve truly demineralized water.

Weak and strong acid cation resins can be placed in different vessels or they can be placed in two distinct layers in the same vessel. The regeneration efficiency of a weak acid resin is very high compared to that of a strong acid resin. Therefore, it is possible to utilize the regenerant acid stream from the strong acid unit to regenerate the weak acid unit. When weak and strong acid cation resins are loaded into the same vessel, the strong acid resin settles on the bottom of the unit after backwash because of the density difference between the two resins. Because the weak acid resin contains some strong acid sites, after regeneration with sulfuric acid, a 10% brine solution must be passed through the unit. The brine solution exhausts any strong acid sites in the weak acid resin and regenerates the strong acid resin in the sodium form. If this is not done when raw water enters the weak acid resin, noncarbonate hardness exchanges at the strong acid sites. FMA exits the weak acid resin and prevents the exchange of residual noncarbonate hardness in the strong acid resin. Normally, a weak acid resin produces FMA for 40-60% of its service cycle. This combination would not be suitable for higher pressure boiler applications because of the presence of excess sodium in the effluent from the sodium-form strong acid resin.

Regeneration of a weak acid cation resin with sulfuric acid must be carefully monitored to insure that the acid concentration during the regeneration does not exceed 0.7%. Higher concentrations of sulfuric acid can react with the Ca⁺⁺ in the exchange sites of the exhausted resin and result in the precipitation of calcium sulfate (CaSO₄). Calcium sulfate, or gypsum, is insoluble even in the concentrated form of many acids. Often, mechanical removal is the only satisfactory way to rid the resin of this contaminant. From an operational standpoint, it is objectionable because it produces a pressure drop across the unit.

Dealkalization

2008-10-27T10:46:00.001+07:00

One of the troublesome constituents in water used as a source of makeup for boiler systems is alkalinity. The so-called total alkalinity of a water is the sum of the CO₃ and OH⁺ found in that solution. The CO₃ portion of the total alkalinity is especially troublesome. As raw water is processed through a strong cation unit in a demineralizer train, the Ca or Mg normally associated with the CO₃ is exchanged for H⁺ and the cation effluent contains H₂CO₃. This acid, called carbonic acid, is very unstable. It disassociates into carbon dioxide (CO2) and water very rapidly. For this reason, many strong acid cation units are followed by a mechanical device called a decarbonator. A decarbonator is nothing more than a vessel filled with pall or Raschig rings supported on a grid over a plenum. A fan blows atmospheric air up through the fill and out a vent at the top of the tank or vessel. Carbon dioxide, which breaks out of the strong acid cation effluent stream, exists at the top. The effluent from the decarbonator normally contains 10 ppm CO₂.

Decarbonization of the strong acid cation effluent can also be accomplished by passing the acidic solution through a strong base anion resin that has been regenerated with caustic. A more complete discussion of this process follows.

Strong Acid Cation

2008-10-27T10:44:00.001+07:00

As mentioned previously, the strong acid cation unit contains a zeolite resin that is regenerated with sulfuric acid (HCI can also be used, but it is more expensive than H₂SO₄). As the untreated water passes through the strong acid cation unit, the hydrogen ions that occupy the exchange sites in the resin are replaced by Ca, Mg, Fe, etc., ions. The companion ions of the cations removed-CO₃, SO₄, Cl, N0₃, PO₄, etc.-pass through the resin and link up with the rejected hydrogen to form the strong acids H₂CO₃, H₂SO₄, HCI, HNO₃, H₃PO₄, etc. Obviously, the effluent from a strong acid cation unit is very acidic-, it often has a 2.0-3.0 pH. For this reason, the cation vessel and the interconnecting piping and valves are lined with rubber.

The order of ionic preference for a strong acid resin is:

1. Hydrogen

2. Calcium

3. Magnesium

4. Potassium

5. Sodium

As one might expect, sodium, the least preferred cation, is also the most weakly bound. As a strong acid cation unit approaches the limit of its capacity, the ions shown in the list above begin to leak through in reverse order, i.e., sodium will leak first, followed in order by potassium, magnesium and calcium. In fact, a strong acid cation resin's affinity for sodium is so low that some sodium will always leak through, even when the resin is freshly regenerated.

In actual operation, if a cation unit is to be run to near its "break" point for economic reasons, a parameter known as free mineral acidity is monitored to determine when exhaustion is approaching. Free mineral acidity, or FMA, is present when the water pH is less than 4.3 (the methyl purple or methyl orange end point in the total alkalinity test). By definition, FMA = the sum of the sulfuric, nitrate, phosphoric and hydrochloric acid in the water sample. The FMA of the effluent from a strong acid cation unit, therefore, is proportional to the level of the total exchangeable cations in the raw water.

Monitoring the strength of the acid in the cation effluent by FMA analysis is therefore a good indicator of the performance of the unit. As the rate of cation exchange decreases due to the decrease in available exchange sites in the resin, the amount of acid in the effluent (FMA) decreases. Therefore, decreasing FMA heralds the end of the service cycle in a strong acid cation unit. Cation units are not run to exhaustion because of the need to double regenerate them to get back the total capacity and because high-pressure systems using this water could not tolerate the hardness associated with the end of the run.

In practice, most demineralizer trains are designed to produce the maximum amount of water per desired service cycle. Invariably, the limiting resin volume is that of the anion unit. Strong base resins, even when preceded by a weak base resin, can process less water than a strong acid resin. Frequently, the anion vessel is designed to accommodate the resin volume necessary to treat the desired amount of water and the strong acid cation unit dimensions are duplicated from the anion unit design. This, in effect, insures that when a train breaks, it will break on silica first. In a high-pressure system, silica intrusion is more easily handled than hardness intrusion.

A boiler system can function properly or cease operation as a result of the quality of demineralized water that is used for makeup. Even the best internal treatment programs have their limits. This is why a thorough understanding of the owner's demineralizer system is so important to the water treatment consultant. With excellent feed water, even a mediocre water treatment program can be made to work in a high pressure system. Conversely, even the best chemicals and the most carefully thought-out treatment program can fail miserably when the demineralizer system cannot be counted on to deliver a quality feed water.

Demineralization

2008-10-27T10:41:00.001+07:00

Introduction and Purpose of Demineralization

In many process boiler systems, zeolite softening of water is not sufficient to meet feed water quality standards. In these cases (typically high pressure boilers >1000 psig), the water is demineralized. This process removes most of the mineral content of the raw water.

Demineralizers depend upon both cationic and anionic exchange processes. They can be arranged in many different combinations, based upon incoming water contaminants and desired final water quality. By the end of this chapter you should have a basic understanding of what demineralization does, how these systems work, and the basic steps necessary to troubleshoot a system.

Theory of Operation

Demineralization on a commercial scale became possible after resin manufacturers developed methods of mass producing a new form of ion exchange resin. When regenerated with caustic (NaOH), this resin removed silica and carbon dioxide from the effluent of a zeolite resin operated in the hydrogen cycle. A standard cation resin of the type commonly found in zeolite softeners, which is regenerated with sulfuric acid as opposed to salt (hence: hydrogen cycle cation), is called a strong acid cation resin. An anion resin with a strong affinity for silica and carbon dioxide is described as a strong base anion resin. An offshoot of the strong base anion resin development was the production of a chemically different resin with a strong affinity for strong-acid anions: sulfate (SO₄), chloride (CI), nitrate (NO₃), phosphate (PO₄), etc. This was called a weak base resin. The weak base resin does not remove silica or carbon dioxide, as does the strong base resin. Therefore, it cannot be used alone to produce the water purity demanded by high-pressure steam plant operations. Less caustic is required to regenerate the weak base resin and it is often coupled with a strong base resin in the same vessel to produce the most economical anion unit operation. The weak base resin is always loaded into the vessel last when the unit is readied for downflow service.

Putting the weak base resin on top of the anion resin bed uses its higher capacity for strong acid removal to insure that the strong base resin can concentrate on removing the weak acids associated with the carbon dioxide and silica (carbon and silicic acids).

The cation and anion vessels of a demineralizer train are piped in series so that the effluent of the cation unit enters the top of the anion unit and the discharge from the anion unit goes to the treated water header or into a polishing unit.

A discussion of what takes place as the raw water is processed through the various units in a demineralizer may help to explain the resins and their function.

by: http://www.gc3.com/

LOWONGAN - Teknisi Operasi PLN Sumut 2008

2008-10-26T11:44:00.001+07:00

Kesempatan Kerja

PT. PLN (Persero) dengan visi diakui sebagai perusahaan kelas dunia yang bertumbuh kembang, unggul and terpercaya dengan bertumpu pada potensi insani, membuka kesempatan bagi generasi muda terbaik untuk bergabung dan mengembangkan karir menjadi pegawai PT. PLN (Persero) Wilayah Sumatera Utara, sebagai: Teknisi Operasi/Pemeliharaan Distribusi.

Persyaratan Fisik:
• Jenis kelamin laki-laki, belum menikah
• Usia maksimal 21 tahun (kelahiran tahun 1987 dan sesudahnya)
• Tinggi badan minimal 160 cm
• Berat badan proporsional
• Sehat rohani dan jasmani, tidak buta warna, tidak berkacamata dan tidak berkontak lensa.
• Tidak pernah menggunakan narkoba / NAPZA dan tidak bertato

Persyaratan Administrasi:
1. lulusan SMK jurusan listrik (elektro arus kuat / ketenagalistrikan)
2. nilai rapor / transkrip terakhir:
matematika: nilai minimal 6 (enam)
ilmu listrik: nilai minimal 7 (tujuh)
fisika: nilai minimal 7 (tujuh)
3. bersedia mengikuti pendidikan ikatan dinas selama 1 (satu) tahun dan tidak menikah dalam masa pendidikan

Tahap Seleksi:
Seleksi dilakukan dengan sistem gugur dengan tahapan
1. administrasi
2. akademis & psikologi
3. wawancara
4. tes kesehatan

Lain-lain:
1. tidak diadakan korespondensi dan hanya lamaran yang masuk melalui PO BOX yang akan diproses
2. pelamar tidak dipungut biaya
3. pelamar yang dinyatakan lulus pada seluruh tahapan seleksi akan dipanggil mengikuti Program Beasiswa Pendidikan Setara Diploma 1
4. pelamar yan dapat menyelesaikan program beasiswa pendidikan setara D1 diatas akan diangkat menjadi pegawai teknisi operasi / pemeliharan distribusi dan ditempatkan di seluruh wilayah kerja PT. PLN (Persero) wilayah Sumatera Utara
5. surat lamaran yang pernah dikirim sebelum diterbitkannya pengumuman ini dinyatakan tidak berlaku
6. apabila dikemudian hari DATA berkas surat lamaran ternyata tidak benar maka peserta dinyatakan GUGUR
7. keputusan panitia tidak dapat diganggu gugat
8. lamaran yang masuk ke panitia penerimaan menjadi hak milik panitia sehingga tidak bisa diambil kembali.

Cara mengajukan lamaran
Surat lamaran diajukan kepada “Panitia Rekrutmen” dengan melampirkan:
a. surat lamaran yang ditandatangani
b. fotocopy ijazah SMK yang dilegalisir
c. fotocopy nilai raport / transkrip SMK (kelas 1,2,3) yang dilegalisir
d. fotocopy akte kelahiran / surat kenal lahir
e. fotocopy KTP yang masih berlaku
f. CV / Daftar riwayat hidup yang ditandatangani
g. Pas photo berwarna 4 x 6 sebanyak 3 (tiga) lembar
h. Surat keterangan berbadan sehat dan tidak buta warna dari dokter rumah sakit / puskesmas
i. Surat pernyataan diri diatas materai Rp.6000,- yang meliputi
1. bahwa tidak pernah terlibat dalam penyalahgunaan narkotika, zat adiktif lian dan tindak criminal
2. kesanggupan bekerja sebagai teknisi operasi dan pemeliharaan distribusi dan bersedia ditempatkan diseluruh wilayah kerja PT. PLN (Persero) wilayah Sumatera Utara.
3. bahwa tidak akan menikah selama 1 (satu) tahun dalam masa pendidikan
4. bahwa tidak akan menuntut pengakuan atas ijazah yang lebih tinggi dari ijazah SMK yang dimiliki.

Lamaran kami terima paling lambat tanggal 2 November 2008 (stempel pos)

Lamaran ditujukan kepada:
PANITIA REKRUTMEN TENAGA OPHARDIS
PT PLN (PERSERO) WILAYAH SUMATERA UTARA
PO. BOX 2000 MEDAN

LOWONGAN - Turbocharger Specialist Goltens Jakarta

2008-10-26T11:40:00.001+07:00

BERPENGALAMAN, CERTIFIED, 26 OKTOBER 2008

Goltens is an international group within Marine, Offshore, Stationary Power Plants & Industrial fields. Goltens handles projects of varying size and complexity from turn-key with a variety of disciplines involved, through diesel engine parts reconditioning, equipment & machinery overhaul and a multitude of in-situ machining services. Due to rapid growth of the company, we now urgently need qualified persons to fill the following positions in Jakarta.

Turbocharger Specialist (TS)

Requirements:
- Male between 27 - 35 years old.
- Supervisory and hands-on work required for on board & shop work.
- Candidate must have strong experience in full disassembly/reassembly, overhaul works required for Turbo Charger such as ABB, MET, HOLSETS, Napier, K3, etc.
- Min. 3 years hand-on experience in Turbo Charger, after sales service, trouble-shooting or other related fields
- Marine engineering degree and/or licensed engineer preferred.
- Able to work independently & willingness to travel & work on site.
- Fluency in English (written and spoken) will be an advantage.

Interested candidates should submit CV with recent photograph, position code, past and present employment and professional qualification, within 8 November 2008.

PT. Goltens Jakarta
JI. Danau Sunter Barat Blok A1 No. 1 Jakarta Utara 14350
Email: Jakarta@goltens.com

LOWONGAN - Construction Engineer PT. DEN

2008-10-26T11:37:00.003+07:00

BERPENGALAMAN S1, 26 OKTOBER 2008

We are a company in the supply of power generation services and equipment, committed to technological innovation and excellence, are looking for high quality candidates for the position of:

Construction Engineer (Code: CE)

Requirements:
• Min. Bachelor Degree in Mechanical Engineering or related subject
• Male, Max. 35 years old.
• Min. 3 years experience in site construction of Thermal Power Plant or Industrial plant.
• Willing to be located in project site and flexible on work hours.
• Familiar with reference CODE of Construction Power Plant
• Good Spoken Written of English
• Computer literate (Windows applications).

If you meet the above qualification, please send your application, CV and recent photograph with the position not later than 8 November 2008 to:

hrd@den-indonesia.com
or
Postal to:
PT. Dinamika Energitama Nusantara
Juanda Business Centre blok C-8
JI. Ir. H. Juanda no.1, Waru-Sidoarjo

Lowongan Bank Mandiri - Corporate Banking Officer

2008-10-26T11:34:00.001+07:00

Klien kami, Bank Mandiri (Persero) Tbk, membutuhkan orang-orang yang berkualitas untuk posisi berikut :

Corporate Banking Officer (CSO)

Kualifikasi:

Pendidikan Formal minimal S1, semua jurusan.
Menguasai product knowledge Bank khususnya yang berkaitan dengan produk kredit korporasi dan Invesment Banking.
Berpenampilan dan berkepribadian menarik.
Memiliki selling & negotiating skills.
Memiliki kemampuan berkomunikasi aktif baik lisan dan tulisan dalam bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Inggris dengan baik.
Berpengalaman di bidang kredit dan investment banking.
Memiliki relasi yang luas terutama dengan perusahaan-perusahaan korporasi.

Tanggung Jawab:

Melakukan identifikasi calon nasabah baru, menyusun strategy akuisisi dan melakukan analisa potensi bisnis yang akan diperoleh dari nasabah baru yang menjadi target akuisisi.
Melaksanakan akuisisi sesuai target dan strategy yang telah ditetapkan dengan melakukan aktivitas selling terhadap seluruh produk Corporate Banking yang ada.
Membina relationship yang seluas-luasnya dengan perusahaan-perusahaan korporasi yang telah ditetapkan sebagai target nasabah segmen korporasi sesuai dengan target Group dan Direktorat Corporate Banking untuk menunjang tercapainya target ekspansi yang telah ditetapkan.

Kirimkan CV dalam format MS Word , dengan mencantumkan gaji terakhir dan gaji yang diharapkan melalui email : resume@sintesa-resourcing.com

Cantumkan posisi yang dituju CBO di subyek email. Only short listed candidates will be notified.

LOWONGAN CV. COSA ARANDA NETWORK (WEB DEVELOPER)

2008-10-26T11:32:00.002+07:00

URGENTLY REQUIRED

CV Cosa Aranda Network, perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang media, promosi, dan bisnis internet, membuka lowongan untuk posisi: WEB DEVELOPER.

Persyaratan:

Pria/Wanita, berpenampilan menarik
Usia maks. 22 tahun
Menguasai PHP, MySQL, HTML, CSS, JavaScript, dan AJAX
Memahami konsep Web 2.0
Mampu membuat desain web
Pengalaman tidak diutamakan
Dapat bekerja dalam tim dan di bawah tekanan
Mampu berbahasa Inggris pasif

Pelamar yang memenuhi syarat harap datang langsung untuk walk-in interview ke:

CV Cosa Aranda Network
Ruko Delta Permai IB/16
Panjangjiwo, Surabaya

pada hari Senin - Jum’at, pukul 09.00 - 16.00 dengan membawa surat lamaran lengkap.

LOWONGAN - Career Vacancy Group Indonesia - China company

2008-10-25T11:42:00.001+07:00

Group Indonesia - China company; 2 positions
Saturday, October 25, 2008 Expiry date : Saturday, November 08, 2008

WE ARE GROUP INDONESIA-CHINA COMPANY WITH VAST EXPERIENCE FOR MORE THAN 20 YEARS IN OIL & GAS INDUSTRY IN INDONESIA. OUR COMPANY LINE OF BUSINESS INCLUDE PACKAGING PLASTIC MANUFACTURING, ARE LOOKING FOR EXPERIENCES PERSON IN PLASTIC MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY, AS :
1. FACTORY DIRECTOR (FAD)
2. MARKETING MANAGER (MAM)

1. FACTORY DIRECTOR (FAD)

Role Overview:
• Monitor production schedules to ensure that the rate of production is in accordance with the original production plan
• Estimates production orders and reserve production capacity to ensure timely delivery of all products
• Manages and coordinates with other key manufacturing plants to keep track of their production progress and quality standard set by the Company

Requirements:
• At least 8 years experience in production planning at management level
• Strong technical and project management background in PLASTIC manufacturing industry
• Excellent in leadership, negotiation and interpersonal skills

2. MARKETING MANAGER (MAM)

Qualification:
• Min. Bacheloris Degree in Marketing or other relevant background
• Having 5 years experience in the same field
• Well experience in making a marketing plan, doing market survey, analysis of results, and giving useful suggestions
• Excellent abilities in manage, monitor project activities, as well as coordinate the processing with other Dept. on schedule
• Strong personalities, energetic, performance-driven
• Fluent in English, Chinese, Indonesia speaking & writing

A competitive remuneration package, including guaranteed year-end double pay, a generous discretionary bonus and other employee benefits will be offered to right candidate.

Interested parties please send detailed CV together with current and expected salaries to:

HUMAN RESOURCE DEPARTMENT
PO BOX 6142/JKU PL 14440
Or
Plasticmfg.hrd@gmail.com

LOWONGAN KERJA MANAGER / REPORTER / WARTAWAN KORAN JAKARTA PT. BERITA NUSANTARA

2008-10-25T11:28:00.002+07:00

KORAN JAKARTA

GENERAL MANAGER (GM)

Pemimpin harian devisi bisnis yang meliputi Produksi, Sirkulasi, Iklan, Administrasi, SDM, Pemasaran dan Keuangan

Kualifikasi:

Pria/wanita, 35 – 45 th

Min. S1, berpengalaman min. 5 th sebagai manager senior, diutamakan dari media cetak, Fast Moving Consumer Goods, Distribusi atau Logistik

Diutamakan yang berpengalaman di TQM (mis. 6 sigma, 5S)

BUSINESS R & D MANAGER (RDM)

Pemimpin departemen litbang yang meliputi pusat data, penelitian dan pengembangan dengan tugas pokok menunjang strategi devisi produksi, sirkulasi dan iklan

Kualifikasi:

Pria/wanita, maksimal 45 th

Min. S1, berpengalaman min. 3 th sebagai staf senior litbang, diutamakan dari media cetak, Fast Moving Consumer Goods, Distribusi atau Logistik

Diutamakan yang berpengalaman di CRM

CIRCULATION MANAGER (CM)

Pemimpin departemen Sirkulasi yang meliputi penjualan, distribusi & pengembangan

Kualifikasi:

Pria, maksimal 40 th

Min. S1, berpengalaman min. 3 th sebagai staf manager sirkulasi & pengembangan

Diutamakan yang berpengalaman dalam hal pembangunan system & prosedur

MARKETING HEAD (MH)

Kepala bagian iklan display yang membawahi Account Executive

Kualifikasi:

Wanita, 30 – 40 th

Min. S1, berpengalaman min. 3 th sebagai Account Executive

Mempunyai drive yang tinggi dan pengalaman membentuk team yang solid

REPORTER

Untuk menempati posisi reporter di kantor-kantor perwakilan:

Reporter Medan (REP Medan) berdomisili di Medan

Reporter Jogjakarta (REP Jogja) berdomisili di Jogja

Reporter Palembang (REP Palembang) berdomisili di Palembang

Syarat-syarat umum:

Pria, 25 – 35 th

Lulusan S1 semua jurusan

Pengalaman 2 – 3 th sebagai reporter

Layangkan surat lamaran beserta CV dalam amplop berkode ke:

PT. BERITA NUSANTARA

Jl. Wahid Hasyim No.125

Jakarta 10240

Attn: Associate Director, semua lamaran di rahasiakan

Paling lambat 12 November 2008

Boiler Calculator (Software Online )

2008-10-24T20:25:00.006+07:00

Welcome to Online Software

All FireCAD software that are available as Desktop applications are now available as Web applications also. These software can now be accessed online from any PC. Please click on the following links to try them.

Become Member

Grate Fired Boiler Design Software (Stoker Fired)
Fire Tube Boiler Design Software (Fired)
Fire Tube Boiler Design Software(Unfired)
Water Tube Boiler Design Software
Economiser Design Software
Air Heater Design Software
Superheater Design Software

Freebies:

Combustion Calculations
Efficiency Calculations
%Volume to % Wt conversion
%Wt to % vol conversion
Gas Properties
Water Properties
Steam Properties

you can calculate all the software online by clicking on the column on the right on this blog. good try ...

Fuel Cell Stack

2008-10-22T02:01:00.004+07:00

Fuel cell:

The amount of power produced by a fuel cell depends on several factors, including fuel cell type, cell size, temperature at which it operates, and pressure at which the gases are supplied to the cell. A single fuel cell produces less than 1.16 volts - barely enough electricity for even the smallest applications.

Fuel cell stack:
To increase the amount of electricity generated, individual fuel cells are combined in series, into a fuel cell "stack." A typical fuel cell stack may consist of hundreds of fuel cells.

Fuel cells are a flexible technology and have a broad range of applications:

Transportation:
Fuel cells can be used to provide propulsion or auxiliary power for transportation applications including cars, trucks, buses, trains, ships, and submarines. They have been used to provide auxiliary power on spacecraft for decades.

Stationary Power:
Stationary fuel cell units can be used for backup power, power for remote locations, stand-alone power plants for towns and cities, distributed generation for buildings, and co-generation (in which excess thermal energy from electricity generation is used for heat).

Portable Power:
Fuel cells can be used to power a variety of portable devices, from handheld electronics like cell phones and radios, to larger equipment such as portable generators. They can be used for almost any application typically powered by batteries but can last up to three times longer before refueling.

Source : U.S Department Of Energy

Chemical & Welding Patent Blog

2008-10-22T00:55:00.002+07:00

For all of you who want to get the Patent and Patent Chemistry Welding in the form of PDF files, you can download at this blog with a view to the right of your blog is part of the PATENTS IN CHEMICAL OR PATENT WELDING.

Hopefully you can you can find in this blog ....

Vocabulary Welding 3

2008-10-21T22:08:00.002+07:00

Class Vocabulary
Copyright : Tooling University

Term	Definition
arc welding	A fusion welding process that uses electricity to generate the heat needed to melt the base metals.
back-gouging	The removal of weld metal and base metal from the side opposite of a partially welded joint to facilitate complete joint penetration.
bevel-groove weld	A type of groove weld with one edge shaped like the V-groove weld and one edge that is square. This weld requires less preparation and weld metal.
butt joint	A type of joint between two metal parts that lie in the same plane. A butt joint is the most common joint type.
chipping	The act of cutting or breaking small pieces, or chips, with an edged tool.
complete joint penetration	The penetration by the weld metal throughout the full thickness of the base metal in a joint with a groove weld.
concave	Curving inward like the inside of a bowl. Many fillet welds have concave faces.
convex	Curving outward like the exterior part of a circle. Many fillet welds have convex faces.
corner joint	A type of joint between two metal parts located at right angles to one another. Corner joints require large amounts of weld metal.
current	The flow of electricity, measured in amperes or amps. Arc welding requires a continous flow of electricity to maintain the arc.
double-groove weld	A weld that has two groove welds on both sides of the joint.
edge joint	A type of joint in which the surface of the two metal parts to be joined are parallel to one another, and the weld is made at their common edges.
electrode	A device that conducts electricity. In welding, the electrode also can act as the filler metal.
fast-fill	A type of joint requirement that requires a large amount of weld metal to fill the joint.
fast-follow	A type of joint requirement suggesting that molten metal must follow the arc at a rapid speed.
fast-freeze	A type of joint requirement that implies that a joint is out of position and requires quick solidification of weld metal.
filler metal	A type of metal sometimes added to the joint in fusion welding. Filler metal adds to the strength and mass of the welded joint.
fillet weld	A type of weld that is triangular in shape and joins two surfaces at right angles to each other in a lap joint, T-joint, or corner joint. Fillet welds are the most common types of welds.
flat-position welding	The welding position used to weld from the upper side of the joint. The face of the weld is horizontal.
gouging	The act of scooping out larger pieces of metal with a tool.
grinding	The use of an abrasive to wear away at the surface of a workpiece and change its shape.
groove weld	A type of weld that consists of an opening between two part surfaces, which provides space to contain weld metal. Groove welds are used on all joints except lap joints.
horizontal-position welding	A common welding position used for fillet and groove welds. For fillet welds, welding is performed on the upper side of a horizontal surface and against a vertical surface. For groove welds, the weld axis lies in a horizontal plane, and the weld face lies in a vertical plane.
inadequate joint penetration	Joint penetration that is less than specified in the joint design. This may result from insufficient heat or poor control of the arc.
incomplete fusion	A weld discontinuity in which fusion did not properly occur between weld metal and base metal or adjoining weld beads.
J-groove weld	A type of groove weld with an opening in the shape of the letter "J." The edge of one metal part is concave, and the other is square.
joint	The meeting point of the two materials that are joined together. Welding creates a permanent joint.
joint penetration	The minimum depth that a groove weld extends into the face of a joint.
joint preparation	The creation of the appropriate opening for a groove weld before welding takes place. This may include grinding or machining the edges to create the appropriate space.
lap joint	A type of joint between two overlapping metal parts in parallel planes.
leg	The distance from the root to the toe of the fillet weld. The size of the fillet weld is determined by the length of its legs.
machining	The process of removing metal by producing chips through the use of cutting tools.
overhead-position welding	The welding position in which welding is performed from the underside of the joint. Overhead-position welding is the most difficult welding position.
partial joint penetration	The penetration by the weld metal that is intentionally less than complete.
penetration	A type of joint requirement that determines how deep the weld metal extends into the joint.
plane	A flat surface that extends infinitely in any direction in three dimensions.
plug weld	A type of weld made by joining one metal part with a circular hole to another metal part positioned directly beneath it.
porosity	Cavity type discontinuities or bubbles formed by gas entrapment during solidification of the weld metal.
resistance welding	A group of welding processes that joins parts by the heat obtained from the resistance to the flow of electric current. Pressure is applied to weld the parts together.
right triangle	A triangle with a 90° angle.
root opening	The separation at the joint root between the base metals. The size of the root opening determines how much weld metal is needed to obtain fusion at the root.
seam weld	A type of continuous weld made between or upon overlapping metal parts.
single-groove weld	A weld that has one groove weld on one side of the joint.
slag inclusion	Non-metallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld metal and base metal.
slot weld	A type of weld made by joining one metal part with an elongated hole to another metal part positioned directly beneath it.
spot weld	A type of weld made between or upon overlapping metal parts. Multiple spot welds are generally required to join parts.
square-groove weld	A type of groove weld with a slight separation at the edges of the base metal parts. This is the most economical groove weld to prepare.
throat	The shortest distance between the weld root and the weld face. The throat determines a fillet weld's size and strength.
T-joint	A type of joint produced when two metal parts are perpendicular to each other, forming the shape of the letter "T."
U-groove weld	A type of groove weld with an opening in the shape of the letter "U." The edges of a U-groove weld are concave.
undercut	A groove melted into the base material, usually along the toes of the weld, that produces a weak spot in the weld.
underfill	A depression on the weld face or root surface that extends below the adjacent surface of the base metal. Underfill is the failure of the welder to properly fill the joint with metal.
vertical-position welding	The welding position in which welding is done on a vertical surface. Vertical-position welding is more difficult than flat- or horizontal-position welding.
V-groove weld	A type of groove weld with an opening in the shape of the letter "V." V-groove welds require more joint preparation but less weld metal.
weld	A mix of metals that joins at least two separate parts. Welds can be produced by applying heat or pressure, or both heat and pressure, and they may or may not use an additional filler metal.
weld axis	An imaginary line through the length of the weld perpendicular to its cross section.
weld backing	A strip of metal located on the side opposite of the weld that provides a surface for depositing the first layer of metal to prevent molten metal from escaping through the joint. Weld backing is used for complete penetration welds.
weld bead	The end product of a joint that has been welded.
weld face	The exposed surface of a weld on the side from which welding occurs.
weld metal	The portion of a weld that has been melted during welding.
weld root	The point at which the back of the weld intersects the base metal surfaces.
weld toe	A point at which the weld face and the base metal meet.
welder	Either the person who performs a weld or the power source that provides the electricity needed to perform an arc weld. Printed materials may use both meanings of the term.
welding	A joining process that uses heat, pressure, and/or chemicals to fuse two materials together permanently.

Vocabulary Welding 2

2008-10-21T21:58:00.005+07:00

Class Vocabulary 2
Copyright : Tooling University

Term	Definition
American Welding Society	The non-profit society that regulates the industrial standards for welding.
amperage	A unit of measurement that indicates the amount of current flowing in a circuit. The required amount of shading for a welding helmet's filter lens increases when more amperage is used for a weld.
arc	The area in which electricity jumps from the electrode to the workpiece. The heat generated by the arc melts the base metals.
arc welding	A fusion welding process that uses electricity to generate the heat needed to melt the base metals.
asphyxiate	To cause death by obstructing the breathing with inadequate oxygen or fume inhalation.
auto-darkening welding shield	A type of welding shield that automatically adjusts to the proper amount of shading for any process.
combustible material	An object that can quickly catch fire if it comes in contact with sparks or fire. Combustibles must never be present in a weld area.
cotton	A fabric made from the fiber of various plants. For welding, cotton clothing is a good choice.
earmuffs	Ear wear that protects hearing. Earmuffs also prevent flying spatter from entering the ear.
earplugs	Ear wear that protects hearing. Earplugs do not protect the outer ear.
electrical shock	The flow of electricity through the human body. Electrical shock can be fatal.
electrode	A device that conducts electricity. The required amount of shading for a welding helmet's filter lens increases when larger electrodes are used. Electrodes can also emit harmful fumes.
electrode holder	The insulated handle that clamps onto the electrode. The electrode holder must be dry and in good condition.
exhaust	Any of various devices used to suck up harmful fumes in welding.
face shield	A hand-held welding shield, often used for bystanders to view the arc safely or for lighter welding jobs.
filter plate	The shaded protective lens inside the welder's helmet that filters out harmful rays and intense bright light. The amount of shading required depends on the welding process, electrode size, and amount of current used.
fire extinguisher	A portable device that uses a rapid spray of chemicals to put out small fires.
fire shield	A large, flame-resistant screen. Fire shields are placed around the area of welding to protect bystanders from spatter, the arc's harmful rays, and bright light.
fire watcher	A person other than the welder who keeps watch over the weld area. The fire watcher must be able to quickly respond should there be a fire or other emergency.
flammable material	An object that can quickly catch fire if it comes in contact with sparks or fire. Flammable materials can catch fire at lower temperatures than combustible materials. Flammables must never be present in a weld area.
fume	Metallic vapor that is emitted during the weld process. The metallic vapor solidifies to form tiny particles of metal.
fume plume	A cloud-like area where welding fume collects.
high-vacuum low-volume system	A ventilation system that is meant to exhaust a smaller area.
inert	A type of gas that is inactive and is not chemically reactive. Many shielding gases are inert.
infrared rays	Invisible rays emitted during the welding process. Infrared rays can damage vision.
insulation	Material that does not allow for the easy flow of electricity. Proper insulation is mandatory to prevent electrical shock.
lead	A conductor that provides an easy path for electricity to flow. Leads inside the welder must be repaired by trained technicians only.
leather	A fabric made from the hide or skin of an animal. For welding, leather covering provides the welder with extra protection.
low-vacuum high-volume system	A ventilation system commonly used in industry that is meant to exhaust a large area.
nitrogen oxide	A toxic gas that is created when UV radiation hits the air. Nitrogen oxide can cause symptoms including headaches, chest pains, and itchiness of the eyes.
nontoxic	A substance that is not harmful.
oxidize	To combine chemically and react with oxygen.
ozone	A toxic gas that is created when UV radiation hits the air. Ozone can cause symptoms including headaches, chest pains, and itchiness of the eyes.
polyester	A fabric made of man-made materials that can melt in the presence of the arc's extreme heat. Jerseys are sometimes made of polyester.
primary voltage shock	An electrical shock from 120-480 volts that occurs in arc welding from touching a lead inside a switched-on welder and then touching the welder case or other grounded metal at the same time.
rayon	A fabric made of man-made materials that can melt in the presence of the arc's extreme heat. Button-down shirts are sometimes made of rayon.
regulator	The device used to control the amount of gas that flows from a cylinder during a weld.
secondary voltage shock	An electrical shock from 60-100 volts that occurs in arc welding from touching the electrode while another part of the body touches the workpiece.
slag	Cooled flux that forms on top of the weld bead. Slag protects cooling metal and is then chipped off.
source capture system	A moveable ventilation device that sucks up harmful fumes inches away from the arc.
spatter	Liquid metal droplets expelled from the welding process. Spatter can spray up to 35 feet from the work area.
ultraviolet rays	Harmful invisible rays emitted by the arc during welding. UV rays can damage a welder's vision and burn skin.
valve cap	A device used to prevent the flow of gas from a cylinder while not in use.
ventilation	A means of providing fresh air. For the safety of the welder, welding requires proper ventilation.
welder's flash	An extremely painful condition that can result from exposure to UV rays. Welder's flash can feel like sunburn on the eye; it is usually a temporary condition.
welding helmet	A protective eye and face device worn during welding. Welding helmets protect the welder from the arc's harmful rays and intense bright light.
welding hood	A stationary ventilation device installed above the weld area. The welding hood sucks up harmful fumes in its surrounding area.
welding screen	A large fire-resistant screen placed around a weld area. Welding screens are commonly used to protect bystanders and to block stray spatter.
welding shield	Another name given for eye and face protection worn during welding. Welding shields protect the welder from the arc's harmful rays and intense bright light.
wool	A fabric made from the soft covering of a sheep. For welding, wool clothing is the best choice.
work cable	The path used in welding to conduct electricity from the welder to the workpiece. To prevent injury, the work cables must be in good condition and correctly installed.
work clamp	The component that, along with the electrode, comes in direct contact with the workpiece during welding. The work clamp is connected to the work cable.

Vocabulary Welding

2008-10-21T21:51:00.005+07:00

Class Vocabulary
Copyright : Tooling University

Term	Definition
alloy	A metal consisting of a mixture of two or more materials. One of these materials must be a metal.
alternating current	Current that regularly reverses the direction of its flow. It is best to use AC for SMAW when welding larger workpieces with larger electrodes.
aluminum	A silvery white metal that is soft, light, and an effective conductor.
amperage	The amount of current flowing in a circuit. SMAW uses 10 to 500 amps.
arc blow	A condition that occurs when the arc does not follow its intended path from the electrode to the workpiece. Arc blow can cause undesirable weld beads.
arc length	The distance from the electrode to the workpiece in an arc welding application.
arc voltage	The amount of voltage present between the electrode and the workpiece. For SMAW, arc voltage ranges from 17 to 45 volts.
backhand technique	Moving the electrode along the workpiece opposite the direction of welding.
calcium	A nonmetallic material that is often present in the powdered coating of a SMAW electrode. Calcium floats to the top of the molten weld puddle and forms slag.
carbon	A common, nonmetallic element found in all types of steel. Carbon is the main hardening element in steel.
cast iron	A metal consisting of iron, over 2.11% carbon, and 1 to 3% silicon. Cast irons normally contain trace amounts of other elements.
chipping hammer	The hammer used to scrape slag from a cooled weld bead. The chipping hammer is also sometimes called a scaling hammer.
circuit	A controlled path in which electricity can flow. SMAW, like all arc welding processes, requires a closed circuit.
conductor	A material that allows for the easy flow of electricity. The components in the SMAW circuit must be good conductors.
constant current	Welding using a current that varies slightly with changes in voltage. SMAW applications use constant current welders.
consumable electrode	An electrode that conducts electricity to the arc but also melts into the weld as a filler metal. SMAW consumable electrodes also provide shielding that protects the arc and weld puddle.
cracking	Cracks in the weld bead or base metal. Cracking can be the result of using excessive amperage with larger electrodes.
crater	A recess in the weld bead. A crater can cause cracking if it is not properly filled.
deoxidizer	A material that removes oxygen from the molten weld puddle and arc. Deoxidizers prevent oxygen from ruining a weld bead.
deposition rate	The rate at which an electrode melts into the molten weld puddle to form a weld.
direct current	A current formed when electrons flow in one continuous direction. DC used during SMAW sometimes can cause arc blow.
directly proportional	A constant ratio between two values. If value A increases, value B also increases. If value A decreases then value B also decreases.
drag angle	A term used in industry for the backhand technique.
electrode	A device that conducts electricity to the welding circuit. SMAW electrodes conduct electricity, serve as the filler metal, and provide shielding for the arc and weld puddle.
electrode axis	A line through the length of the electrode, perpendicular to and at the geometric center of its cross section.
electrode cable	The path used in welding to conduct electricity from the welder to the electrode. Electrode and work cables are connected to the welder, the workpiece, and electrode, which provides a closed electrical circuit.
electrode diameter	A measurement of the thickness of the electrode. Larger electrodes can improve productivity.
electrode holder	The insulated handle that clamps onto the electrode. The welder holds this device during welding to control the arc.
electrode orientation	The way in which a welder manipulates the electrode. Electrode orientation refers to the work angle and the travel angle.
fast-fill electrode	A SMAW electrode that fills up a joint quickly. Fast-fill electrodes are ideal for large workpieces.
fast-freeze electrode	A SMAW electrode that solidifies quickly. Fast-freeze electrodes are ideal for overhead welding.
ferrous metal	A metal that contains iron. Steel is the most common ferrous metal. SMAW is most commonly used to weld ferrous metals.
filler metal	A type of metal with similar properties to the base metal that is added to the SMAW weld. Filler metal often adds to the strength and mass of the welded joint.
fillet joint	A type of weld that is triangular in shape and joins two surfaces at right angles to each other in a lap joint, T-joint, or corner joint. Fillet welds are the most common types of welds.
fill-freeze electrode	A SMAW electrode that has both fast-fill and fast-freeze characteristics. Fill-freeze electrodes fill up a joint quickly as well as solidify quickly.
flux	A non-metallic material provided by the SMAW electrode, which protects the weld puddle and cooling metal from atmospheric contamination.
forehand technique	Moving the electrode along the workpiece in the direction of welding.
gas metal arc welding	An arc welding process in which the bare wire electrode and inert shielding gas are fed to the weld through a welding gun. It is also referred to as GMAW or MIG welding.
gas shielding	A layer of inert or slightly reactive gas provided by the electrode. Shielding gas protects the weld puddle and arc from atmospheric contamination.
gas tungsten arc welding	A very precise arc welding process that uses a nonconsumable tungsten electrode. It is also referred to as GTAW or TIG welding.
low-carbon steel	A steel that contains less than 0.30% carbon. Low-carbon steel is also referred to as mild steel.
low-hydrogen electrode	A SMAW electrode that is used to weld restricted materials that can be susceptible to cracking.
manganese	A hard, brittle, gray-white metal that increases the hardenability of steel. Manganese also increases strength and hardness.
multiple weld pass	A weld that is formed by two or more passes, one over the other.
nickel	A silvery white metal that is fairly hard and malleable, with properties similar to iron and steel.
nonferrous metal	A metal that does not contain iron. Aluminum and copper are common nonferrous metals.
porosity	The trapping of hydrogen in a weld bead. Usually, porosity cannot be seen. However, excessive porosity can weaken a weld.
push angle	A term used in industry for the forehand technique.
run-off tab	A scrap piece of base metal with the same groove as the workpiece. Run-off tabs are tacked onto the end of the workpiece to allow the welder to extinguish the arc without forming a crater on the workpiece.
scratching	A method of striking the arc in which the welder guides the electrode across the workpiece at an angle. The scratching method closely resembles striking a match.
shielded metal arc welding	An arc welding process that uses a flux-coated consumable rod electrode. It is also referred to as SMAW or stick welding.
shielding	A layer of inert or slightly reactive gas that protects the weld puddle and arc from atmospheric contamination.
silicon	A nonmetallic material that is often present in the powdered coating of a SMAW electrode. Silicon acts as a deoxidizer.
single weld pass	A weld that is formed using only one pass.
slag	Cooled flux that forms on top of the bead. Slag protects cooling metal and is then chipped off.
SMAW	Shielded metal arc welding. SMAW is a manual arc welding process that uses a consumable flux-coated electrode.
spatter	Liquid metal droplets expelled from the welding process. The amount of spatter that a SMAW process yields often depends on the electrode selected and welder skill.
square groove joint	A type of weld that consists of an opening between two square part surfaces, which provides space to contain weld metal.
steel	A metal consisting of iron and carbon, usually with small amounts of other elements. SMAW is often used to weld different types of steel.
stick welding	Shielded metal arc welding. In industry, many welders refer to shielded metal arc welding as stick welding.
stringer bead	A type of weld bead formed by moving the electrode straight across the joint. A good stringer bead looks like a roll of dimes.
tapping	A method of striking the arc in which the welder moves the electrode downward to the base metal in a vertical direction.
tensile strength	The ability of a metal to resist forces that attempt to pull apart or stretch it.
travel angle	The angle less than 90 degrees between the electrode and the weld.
travel speed	The speed at which the welder moves the electrode along the joint to make a weld.
undercut	A gap left in a finished weld that should have been filled with weld metal. Undercut is unsightly but does not necessarily indicate a bad weld.
voltage	The electrical force or pressure that causes current to flow in a circuit. SMAW uses 17 to 45 volts.
weave bead	A weld bead formed by moving the electrode along the joint in a weaving motion.
weld axis	A line through the length of the weld, perpendicular to and at the geometric center of its cross section.
weld backing	A strip of metal located on the side opposite of the weld that provides a surface for depositing the first layer of metal to prevent molten metal from escaping through the joint. Weld backing is used for complete penetration welds.
weld bead	The end product of a joint that has been welded.
weld pass	One progression of welding across a joint. The result of a weld pass is a weld bead.
weld puddle	The small area of molten metal that forms during welding. The cooled weld puddle forms the permanent joint. A weld puddle is also called a weld pool, molten pool, or molten puddle.
weld root	The point at which the back of the weld intersects the base metal surfaces.
weld toe	The point at which the weld face and the base metal meet.
weldability	The ability of a material to be welded under imposed conditions into a specific, suitable structure and to perform satisfactory for its intended use.
whip technique	A technique typically used for forming a stringer bead that involves moving the electrode around in a circle and withdrawing it slightly, then repeating this technique to form a bead.
work angle	The angle less than 90 degrees between a line perpendicular to the workpiece and a plane determined by the electrode axis and the weld axis. The work angle is used to center the weld bead on a given application.
work cable	The path used in welding to conduct electricity from the welder to the work clamp. Electrode and work cables are connected to the welder, the workpiece, and electrode, which provides a closed electrical circuit.
work clamp	The component that, along with the electrode, can come in direct contact with the workpiece during welding. The work clamp is connected to the welder with the work cable and provides ground for the SMAW circuit.

Enthalpy Calculator Online (Physical Properties Calculator )

2008-10-21T09:55:00.012+07:00

We can calculate the physical properties such as:

Temperature
Pressure
density
Enthalpy
Internal energy
Gibbs Free Energy
Entropy
Molecular Weight
Gas Constant
Heat Specific
Gamma

The temperature range 273 K to 5000 K online. you can do by clicking on the Physical Properties page on the online block in the Chemistry Index, or you can visit the web page Physical Properties Online Calculator.
For each reaction specie, the thermodynamic functions specific heat, enthalpy and entropy as functions of temperature are given in the form of least squares coefficients as follows:

Cp/R = A1 + A2T + A3T² + A4T³ + A5T⁴

H/(R*T) = A1 + A2T/2 + A3T²/3 + A4T³/4 + A5T⁴/5 + A6/T

S/R = A1lnT + A2T + A3T²/2 + A4T³/3 + A5T⁴/4 + A7

S/R = A1lnT + A2T + A3T²/2 + A4T³/3 + A5T⁴/4 + A7 - lnp

For each specie, two sets of coefficients are included for two adjecent temperature intervals, 273 to 1,000 [K] and 1,000 to 5,000 [K]. The data have been constrained to be equal at 1,000 [K].

Also,

U = H - p*v*MW or U = H - R*T

G = H - S*T

and

u = h - p*v or u = h - R*T/MW

g = h - s*T

Water Softening

2008-10-20T17:52:00.008+07:00

Hardness in water is caused by certain salts. The main hardness causing ions are Calcium (Ca²⁺), Magnesium (Mg²⁺) and Bicarbonate (HCO₃^-). These ions or minerals are normally addressed as scale in the water causing scaling of pipes and equipment in drinking water and process water systems.
Softening units offer a water purification solution for hard water and lime scale removal.

In many applications, e.g. the preparation of drinking water, water in breweries and sodas, but also cooling water and boiler feed water, the hardness of the water is of importance.

The hardness is normally measured in German degree, French Hardness or (equivalent) concentration Ca²⁺. Softeners are specific ion exchangers which are designed to remove ions with a multiple positive charge.

Lenntech offers water softeners and related equipment for households, laboratories and industrial applications.

Water softener units are automatically regenerated with salt (NaCl).

Brackish water softeners are also available using specific resins and regenerated with HCl and NaOH.

By : www.lenntech.com

Biofilms

2008-10-20T14:11:00.007+07:00

The instant a metallic surface is immersed in water, a biofilm begins to form. A biofilms a microbial mass composed of aquatic bacteria, algae and other microorganisms.

Development of a biofilm

many species of bacteria, algae and fungi bind various metals and form biofilm. The development of that film occurs in four stages.

Conditioning : instantaneous chemical adsorption of organics, organisms not derectly involved.
Adhension by ‘pioneer’ bacterial species : bacterial epiphytes adhere to submerged surfaces in a matter of hours.
Colonization of other microorganisms : other bacteria and fungi become associated with the surface following colonization by the pioneering species over a matter of day.
Accumulation ; entrapment of particles, dead cells and cremation of heavy metals from water (both as corrosion products and ions in bulk solution).

Figure 1.1 is a sketch of a biofilm formed on a metal surface. A biofilm begins with the adsorption of organic matter on the metal surface from the bulk environment (to adsorb means to surface). The turbulent flow transports microbes to the surface, and the microorganisms attach and the grow, using nutrients from the water. These steps are shown in fig. 1.2 Geesey’s work shows the development of biofilms on several metal surfaces in fig. 1.3

Microbiological cells are usually either sessile (attached within a biofilm, usually to something solid and immobile) or planktonic (move with flow of water). These terms describe a generalized water system, in which some microorganisms are attached to the walls, and some float freely in the bulk environment.

Microbiological cells are usually found in three states : planktonic ; sessile; and a subset of the others termed fragments, often called sessile particulates. Planktonic cells are dispersed in the aqueous phase, while sessile cells are immobilized with respect to the surrounding environment.

In soils and water, most microorganisms are found in the sessile rather that the planktonic state. Sessile microorganisms usually form a biofilm through the elaborationof extracellular polymer. The polymers bond the cells together and protect them from any hostile conditions that may arise in the environment. Biofilms retain water, accumulate nutrients and from a polymeric matrix.

source : Corrosion Handbook

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion

2008-10-20T14:02:00.002+07:00

When a metal is exposed to natural waters, corrosion begins immediately. In some cases, microorganisms influence the corrosions process. The corrosion of the metal and the composition of the corrosion deposits largely depend on :

microbiology
Metallurgy
Electrochemistry
Bulk water chemistry

Microbiology is a factor in terms of environmental variables and the activity of the organisms, metallurgy is key factor, given the many variables, such as the type, structure and processing of the metal and electrochemistry is essential because of the mechanisms by which the corrosion processes occur. For example, the metal goes intro solution as ion, and solid products, such as rust, form by a subsequent reaction. Not all corrosion is MIC. Resolving, understanding and mitigating MIC problems require familiarity with all four fields : microbiology, metallurgy, electrochemistry and water chemistry.

source : corrosion handbook

WELDING SAFETY

2008-10-20T02:45:00.003+07:00

The major health hazards in welding and cutting are:

fumes
gases
radiation
noise
various safety factors
manual handling problems

The variables that influence exposure to these hazards include:
variables in the welding process
effect of the work area
effect of the operator

Fumes are fine, solid particles, formed by the following general process:
1. Metal and flux undergo rapid melting accompanied by limited vapourisation
2. Vapours are oxidised
3. Reaction takes place with flux constituents and other materials present
4. Vapours condense and agglomerate to produce fine particles of fume of complex composition.

Gases may be produced in certain welding processes in the following ways:
1. Decomposition of flux or electrode coatings and base metal coatings such as paints and solvents.
2. Reaction products of the shielding gases.
3. Oxidation of elements present in the arc or flame.
4. Photochemical reaction of atmospheric gases due to ultraviolet radiation from the arc or flame.

The electrode coating is a complex mixture of various components such as:
1. Moulding Agents (aluminium and magnesium silicate)
2 Extruding Agents (alginates, starch, glucose and methyl cellulose)
3. Binders (potassium and sodium silicates)
4. Strengthening Agents (mostly mica which has replaced asbestos)
5. Slag Formers (carbonates, silicates, oxides-rutile (TiO₂) and fluorides)
6. Metal Powders (e.g., iron) to act as alloying additions, to increase deposition rate or act as deoxidants
7. Shielding Gas Formers (cellulose, calcium carbonate)
8. Fluxing Agents (fluorspar, calcium carbonate and sodium silicate)

[Detail]

Reference : Welding Technology Institute of Australia, Health and Safety in Welding

Medals Asian Beach Games in Bali

2008-10-20T02:25:00.006+07:00

Total Medals for Countries
[Detailed View]

Scholarships-The Wesleyan Freeman Asian Scholars Program 2008-2009

2008-10-19T14:39:00.001+07:00

The Wesleyan Freeman Asian Scholarship Program provides expenses for a four-year course of study toward a bachelor’s degree for up to twenty-two exceptionally able Asian students annually from these countries and regions: the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam.

* Applications must be postmarked or submitted online by January 1, 2009.
* Students are advised to register now for SAT (or ACT) and TOEFL or IELTS.
* Notification by April 1, 2009.
* Japan notification by March 1, 2009.

Wesleyan is now accepting applications for participation in the Wesleyan Freeman Asian Scholarship Program. The chosen applicants will join 2,800 other Wesleyan undergraduates from throughout the United States and nearly 50 countries for study with an outstanding teaching and research faculty in the sciences and mathematics, the arts, the humanities, and the social and behavioral sciences.

This program is made possible by Wesleyan University and the Freeman Foundation, which aims to improve understanding and to strengthen ties between the United States and the countries and regions of the Pacific Rim.

Wesleyan University is located in Middletown, Connecticut, halfway between New York and Boston in the historic and colorful New England region of the northeastern United States. It is a private, nonsectarian, liberal arts and sciences institution founded in 1831. A number of early Wesleyan graduates were influential educators and ministers in Asian countries, and the modern Wesleyan has formal ties to several prominent universities in Asia. The campus is home to a diverse population of 2,800 undergraduate students, equally divided between men and women, approximately 28 percent of whom are of African, Asian, or Hispanic descent, and nearly 190 students from foreign countries.

Approximately 200 graduate students, a number of whom are from Asian countries, are pursuing advanced degrees, principally in the sciences, mathematics, and music.

Wesleyan provides instruction in 46 major fields of study. Unlike some university systems abroad, in which students focus on one academic field, most American universities are based on a curricular tradition of liberal arts and sciences, in which breadth and depth of study are deemed equally important. At Wesleyan, the major programs of study involve one-third to one-half of a student’s course work, with the remaining time devoted to exploration of a variety of fields through which a student may broaden his or her background and understanding. More than 900 courses are offered, in which interdisciplinary pursuits are encouraged and an international perspective is fundamental.

Wesleyan graduates go on in high numbers to the best graduate and professional schools in the United States and to successful careers in engineering, business, law, medicine, education, politics, international relations, social service, and the arts. The primary purpose of study at Wesleyan, however, is not to provide vocational training in a specific area. The objectives of a Wesleyan education include the development of self-educating men and women who have mastered a major field, have learned to think critically, are cognizant of the variety of human experience, and have acquired the habits of imaginative and disciplined minds.

The liberal arts at Wesleyan are founded on an atmosphere of freedom, small college traditions, faculty resources, and student diversity. The University provides the facilities and opportunities of a research university while retaining the emphasis on teaching and the intimacy of a small college. The undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio is 9:1, enabling the faculty to provide direct and particular attention to undergraduate education. Wesleyan’s more than 300 teacher-scholars believe that scholarly research and active teaching are mutually reinforcing. The University’s curriculum is unusually flexible, and students work closely with a faculty advisor in planning all programs and majors.

For further information please visit the official site

BP finds oil in Block 31 offshore Angola

2008-10-19T02:25:00.002+07:00

Author: Uchenna Izundu

BP Exploration (Angola) Ltd.. have been found along with oil exploration wells Dionenya, which dibor in ultradeep Waters Block 31 off Angola.

Dione wells, which tested more than 5,000 b / d of oil production based on conditions, is located in the south and a block to the discovery of sixteen for BP in offshore Angola. The well is located 9 km in the southwest of Juno-1 discovery, which tested the engine oil in the rate of 2,676 b / d is limited in 2005.

Dione reached 3,272 m TD and dibor in 1696 m from the waters approximately 390 km northwest Luanda.

Block 31 covers 5,349 sq km and is located at 1500-2500 m of water.

Sonangol is the concessionaire of Block 31 with a 20% share. BP operates bloc with 26.67% shares. Other partners are Esso Exploration and Production Angola (Block 31) Ltd.. 25%, Statoil Angola AS 13:33%, Marathon International Petroleum Angola Block 31 Ltd.. 10%, and Total SA unit TEPA (Block 31) Ltd.. 5%.

Source: www.ogj.com

In some cases Welding Iron and Steel Cor

2008-10-19T02:10:00.004+07:00

By Administrator
By: Prof. Dr. Rochim Suratman

ABSTRACT

The process of welding on the substance is a continuation utilize metallurgical phenomena. Because of the problems that arise in connection region is as a result of these phenomena. Problems that arise from the metallurgical phenomenon at the time mengelas steel is the emergence martensit accompanied by a fissure, while the gray cast iron is the emergence of cast iron and white martensit.

INTRODUCTION

The process that involves the disbursement of regional connection, metalurgis will result in three regions, asp shown in the picture below:

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Location Asian Beach Games 2008

2008-10-19T01:43:00.005+07:00

Sport	Contest	Location
Beach Basketball (Teamsport)	Beach Basketball Men	Tj Benoa
	Beach Basketball Women	Tj Benoa
Beach Handball (Teamsport)	Beach Handball Men	Mertasari
	Beach Handball Women	Mertasari
Beach Kabaddi (Teamsport)	Beach Kabaddi Men	Tj Benoa
	Beach Kabaddi Women	Tj Benoa
Beach Pencak Silat	Beach Pencak Silat Tanding Class A Men	Tj Benoa
	Beach Pencak Silat Tanding Class A Women	Tj Benoa
	Beach Pencak Silat Tanding Class D (Women)	Tj Benoa
	Beach Pencak Silat Tanding Class H (men)	Tj Benoa
	Beach Pencak Silat Tunggal Men	Tj Benoa
	Beach Pencak Silat Tunggal Women	Tj Benoa
	Beach Pencak Silat Ganda Men	Tj Benoa
	Beach Pencak Silat Ganda Women	Tj Benoa
Beach Sepaktakraw (Teamsport)	Beach Sepaktakraw Regu Men	Sanur
	Beach Sepaktakraw Regu Women	Sanur
	Beach Sepaktakraw Team Men	Sanur
	Beach Sepaktakraw Team Women	Sanur
Beach Soccer (Teamsport)	Beach Soccer Men	Mertasari
Beach Volleyball (Teamsport)	Beach Volleyball Men	Sanur
	Beach Volleyball Women	Sanur
Beach Waterpolo (Teamsport)	Beach Waterpolo Men	Tj Benoa
Beach Wrestling	Beach Wrestling 65Kg Men	Tj Benoa
	Beach Wrestling 75Kg Men	Tj Benoa
	Beach Wrestling 85+Kg Men	Tj Benoa
	Beach Wrestling 85Kg Men	Tj Benoa
Body Building	Body Building 60kg Men	Discovery - Kuta
	Body Building 65kg Men	Discovery - Kuta
	Body Building 70kg Men	Discovery - Kuta
	Body Building 75kg Men	Discovery - Kuta
	Body Building 80kg Men	Discovery - Kuta
	Body Building 85kg Men	Discovery - Kuta
Dragon Boat Racing (Teamsport)	Dragon Boat Racing 1000m Men	Suwung
	Dragon Boat Racing 1000m Women	Suwung
	Dragon Boat Racing 250m Men	Suwung
	Dragon Boat Racing 250m Women	Suwung
	Dragon Boat Racing 500m Men	Suwung
	Dragon Boat Racing 500m Women	Suwung
Jet-Ski	Jet Ski - Runabout 800 Open	Tj Benoa
	Jet Ski - Runabout Endurance	Tj Benoa
	Jet Ski - Runabout Open	Tj Benoa
	Jet Ski - Ski Open	Tj Benoa
Marathon Swimming	Marathon Swimming 10km Men	Sanur
	Marathon Swimming 10km Women	Sanur
	Marathon Swimming 5km Men	Sanur
	Marathon Swimming 5km Women	Sanur
Paragliding	Paragliding Accuracy Men	Timbis
	Paragliding Accuracy Women	Timbis
	Paragliding Distance Men	Timbis
	Paragliding Distance Women	Timbis
	Paragliding Team Accuracy Men	Timbis
	Paragliding Team Accuracy Women	Timbis
	Paragliding Team Distance Men	Timbis
	Paragliding Team Distance Women	Timbis
Sailing	Sailing Laser 4.7	Serangan
	Sailing Hobie 16	Serangan
Surfing	Surfing Aerial	Kuta Beach
	Surfing Longboard Men	Kuta Beach
	Surfing Shortboard Men	Kuta Beach
	Surfing Shortboard Women	Kuta Beach
	Surfing Team Challenge	Kuta Beach
Triathlon	Triathlon Men	Mertasari
	Triathlon Women	Mertasari
Windsurfing	Windsurfing Men - Mistral OD Heavy Weight	Serangan
	Windsurfing Men - Mistral OD Light Weight	Serangan
	Windsurfing Men - RSX	Serangan
	Windsurfing Women - Mistral OD	Serangan
Woodball	Woodball Men	Ayodya - Nusa Dua
	Woodball Women	Ayodya - Nusa Dua
	Woodball Team Men	Ayodya - Nusa Dua
	Woodball Team Women	Ayodya - Nusa Dua

Schedule Beach Dragon Boat Racingl Games

2008-10-19T01:40:00.001+07:00

Schedule » Dragon Boat Racing (Schedule)

Dragon Boat Racing 1000m Men [full view]
19/10	Preliminaries Heat 1
19/10	Preliminaries Heat 2
19/10	Repechage
19/10	Minor Final
19/10	Grand Final
Dragon Boat Racing 1000m Women [full view]
19/10	Preliminaries Heat 1
19/10	Preliminaries Heat 2
19/10	Repechage
19/10	Minor Final
19/10	Grand Final
Dragon Boat Racing 250m Men [full view]
21/10	Preliminaries Heat 1
21/10	Preliminaries Heat 2
21/10	Repechage
21/10	Minor Final
21/10	Grand Final
Dragon Boat Racing 250m Women [full view]
21/10	Preliminaries Heat 1
21/10	Preliminaries Heat 2
21/10	Repechage
21/10	Minor Final
21/10	Grand Final
Dragon Boat Racing 500m Men [full view]
20/10	Preliminaries Heat 1
20/10	Preliminaries Heat 2
20/10	Repechage
20/10	Minor Final
20/10	Grand Final
Dragon Boat Racing 500m Women [full view]
20/10	Preliminaries Heat 1
20/10	Preliminaries Heat 2
20/10	Repechage
20/10	Minor Final
20/10	Grand Final

Schedule Body Building Games

2008-10-19T01:38:00.001+07:00

Schedule » Body Building (Schedule)

Body Building 60kg Men [full view]		ENTRY LIST BY EVENT ENTRY LIST BY NOC START LIST 60KG START LIST 65KG START LIST 70KG START LIST 75KG START LIST 80KG START LIST 85KG
19/10	Pre Judge
20/10	Final
Body Building 65kg Men [full view]
19/10	Pre Judge
20/10	Final
Body Building 70kg Men [full view]
19/10	Pre Judge
20/10	Final
Body Building 75kg Men [full view]
19/10	Pre Judge
20/10	Final
Body Building 80kg Men [full view]
19/10	Pre Judge
20/10	Final
Body Building 85kg Men [full view]
19/10	Pre Judge
20/10	Final

Schedul Beach Volleyball Games

2008-10-19T01:32:00.002+07:00

Schedule » Beach Volleyball (Schedule)

Beach Volleyball Men [full view]		DAILY SCHEDULE 19/10/08 NUMBER OF ENTRIES BY SPORT RESULTS SUMMARY RESULTS TABLE MEN
18/10	Preliminaries - Group A
	Standings - Group A
18/10	Preliminaries - Group B
	Standings - Group B
18/10	Preliminaries - Group C
	Standings - Group C
18/10	Preliminaries - Group D
	Standings - Group D
18/10	Preliminaries - Group E
	Standings - Group E
18/10	Preliminaries - Group F
	Standings - Group F
18/10	Preliminaries - Group G
	Standings - Group G
18/10	Preliminaries - Group H
	Standings - Group H
18/10	Preliminaries - Group I
	Standings - Group I
18/10	Preliminaries - Group J
	Standings - Group J
Beach Volleyball Women [full view]		RESULTS TABLE WOMEN
19/10	Preliminaries - Group A
	Group Standings - Group A
19/10	Preliminaries - Group B
	Group Standings - Group B
19/10	Preliminaries - Group C
	Group Standings - Group C
19/10	Preliminaries - Group D
	Group Standings - Group D
19/10	Preliminaries - Group E
	Group Standings - Group E
19/10	Preliminaries - Group F
	Group Standings - Group F
24/10	Semi Finals
23/10	Quarter Finals
25/10	Finals

Schedul Beach Soccer Games

2008-10-19T01:30:00.001+07:00

Schedule » Beach Soccer (Schedule)

Beach Soccer Men [full view]
18/10	Preliminaries Group A
24/10	Group Standings Group A	SUMMARY
18/10	Preliminaries Group B
24/10	Group Standings Group B	SUMMARY
18/10	Preliminaries Group C
24/10	Group Standings Group C	SUMMARY
19/10	Preliminaries Group D
24/10	Group Standings Group D
24/10	Quarterfinals
25/10	Semi Finals
26/10	Game for 3rd Place
26/10	Final

Schedule Beach SepakTakraw Games

2008-10-19T01:28:00.001+07:00

Schedule » Beach Sepaktakraw (Schedule)

Beach Sepaktakraw Regu Men [full view]
23/10	Preliminaries Group A
	Summary Group A
23/10	Preliminaries Group B
	Summary Group B
24/10	Semifinals
25/10	Final
Beach Sepaktakraw Regu Women [full view]
23/10	Preliminaries Group X
	Summary Group X
23/10	Preliminaries Group Y
	Summary Group Y
24/10	Semifinals
25/10	Final
Beach Sepaktakraw Team Men [full view]		RESULTS SUMMARY
18/10	Preliminaries Group A
	Summary Group A
18/10	Preliminaries Group B
	Summary Group B
20/10	Semifinals
21/10	Final
Beach Sepaktakraw Team Women [full view]		RESULTS SUMMARY
18/10	Preliminaries Group X
	Summary Group X
18/10	Preliminaries Group Y
	Summary Group Y
20/10	Semifinals
21/10	Final

Schedul Beach Pencak Silat Games

2008-10-19T01:21:00.006+07:00

Schedule » Beach Pencak Silat (Schedule)

Beach Pencak Silat Ganda Men [full view]
20/10	Final
Beach Pencak Silat Ganda Women [full view]
19/10	Final
Beach Pencak Silat Tanding Class A Men [full view]		BRACKETS RESULTS SUMMARY
18/10	Preliminaries
20/10	Semi Finals
22/10	Final
Beach Pencak Silat Tanding Class A Women [full view]		BRACKETS RESULTS SUMMARY
18/10	Preliminaries
19/10	Semi Finals
22/10	Final
Beach Pencak Silat Tanding Class D (Women) [full view]		BRACKETS DAILY SCHEDULE
19/10	Preliminaries
20/10	Semi Finals
22/10	Final
Beach Pencak Silat Tanding Class H (men) [full view]		BRACKETS RESULTS SUMMARY
18/10	Preliminaries
20/10	Semi Finals
22/10	Final
Beach Pencak Silat Tunggal Men [full view]
19/10	Final
Beach Pencak Silat Tunggal Women [full view]
22/10	Final

Schedule Beach Kabaddi Games

2008-10-19T01:13:00.004+07:00

Schedule » Beach Kabaddi (Schedule)

Beach Kabaddi Men [full view]
19/10	Preliminaries
	Group Standings
22/10	Final
Beach Kabaddi Women [full view]
19/10	Preliminaries
	Group Standing
22/10	Final